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It was clear that, though his actions had been conscious, intelligent and purposive, yet his conscious activity was of a restricted kind; he seemed to have had no thought about the consequences of his action, but to have been driven on by the single strong impulse of fear, taking the form of a desire to get far away from the danger-zone." The above cases of so-called fugue typify a mental disease called hysteria.The malady is rather common, both among women and men, and takes countless forms, difficult to classify. Like other neuroses, hysteria is often left without medical attention and treatment, and only the graver cases are hospitalized. The ailment is of particular interest to us, because it manifests symptoms which, in many respects, parallel the phenomena of hypnosis. It is the consensus of medical opinion that hysteria is not caused by an organic trouble; at least, the latter could not be detected. Yet the patient may be totally or partially blind or deaf, be afflicted with the paralysis of limbs or side, suffer from fits, chorea or skin anaesthesia; or he may be a sleep-walker. Such a condition is serious enough to make any person desperate, it seems; yet surprisingly, despite the gravity of his trouble, the patient often feels no mental agonies whatever, but accepts the ailment indifferently, almost willingly.

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However, the relationship of prestige-and-faith cannot always be ordered into existence. Every so often the practician meets a person whose skepticism cannot be easily shaken by verbal persuasion or argument. What shall he do? Experience has taught me that a determined effort on the part of the subject to resist suggestion practically assures its failure. Consequently, I came to the conclusion never again to yield to the request or challenge of a skeptic to try him out, not until a change of mind has taken place. There are, certainly, ways to allay and overcome doubts. Where a direct approach is not sure, an indirect one may be of assistance. Or psychological preparation may be indicated. In this connection, W. F. Lovatt offers us an excellent, though not entirely new, method of handling a "doubting Thomas."

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I do not mean, of course, that hypnotic suggestion should be used in all instruction in the above activities. Quite the contrary, it should be resorted to only in exceptional cases, when a particular inability is clearly caused by a psychological attitude of fear or uncertainty and, consequently, by an inhibition. In fact, I do not recommend the application of hypnosis on a large scale. It should remain a powerful tool used with caution and discrimination. Men lived by feeling and faith long before they began to reason. In those early days, there was no knowledge, in the modern sense of the word, no inquiries into the nature and causes of things. People simply had beliefs and asked no questions. When they believed strongly, they felt strongly; they felt with every muscle and every tissue within them. Faith may not move mountains literally, but since ancient days it has moved every important organ in the body. And suggestion is the vehicle of faith, passing it from man to man, arousing crowds, spreading from chiefs down to their followers, rising from people up to their chosen leaders. Rooted in primitive tendencies, suggestion reaches deeper than most of us know. It is a power hard to measure and hard to control.

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There is no reason why hypnosis should not be applied in such a way to countless other problems, whenever its possible usefulness is indicated. Hypnotism, old as it is in irregular practice, is a newcomer to science and a very deserving and promising one. Superstition, either in favor of it or in opposition to it, is a vicious obstacle to the advance of knowledge.

The field of education is totally new to the hypnotist. The little work which I have done in it, however, has made me appreciate its potential significance. Though it is too early as yet to draw any specific conclusions from my experimental research begun several years ago, nevertheless certain general and fairly obvious considerations left no doubt in my mind that suggestion, ordinary and hypnotic, is of inestimable value for the school.

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McDougall offers us an illuminating comment : "If I meet an angry bear in the woods and take to my heels in fear, it would be true to say that the energy which sustains my efforts comes from within my organism, and is not in any sense supplied by the bear; the bear merely releases this energy within me. But it would not be true or useful to say that my fear was self-inspired and that the bear had nothing to do with the case or played but a secondary role in the drama."Once we comprehend this nature of the mechanism of suggestion, it is not difficult to infer that what is known as auto-suggestion can be used apart from somebody inspiring the subject only in exceptional cases. Ordinarily, it should not be practiced without the assistance of a qualified practician. A specialist is required not only to supervise, but also to inspire the subject, However, once the prestige-and-faith relationship is established and sufficiently strengthened, a mere recollection of the hypnotist's recommendations may be enough to stimulate the subject's autonomic system to action, again and again. Here lies the practical significance of, Outline of Abnormal Psychology, the method of auto-suggestion in its post-hypnotic application.

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In other instances, the subject is a victim of an unfavorable early environment, unfortunate experiences, marital difficulties, sex frustration. Here a qualified and experienced psychologist might be consulted. Or the subject should be given an opportunity to tell his life story at length and thus to find relief in conversational catharsis. If the case is rooted in some incorrigible physical defect bearing heavily upon the patient's mind-such as exceptionally bad looks, short stature, unusual fatness unyielding to sound diet-the possibilities for re-directing his interests should be investigated in order to provide him with a freer and more successful outlet for whatever abilities he may possess. Music, scientific research, nursing, and political work can be recommended as some of the best fields for sublimation of one's physical and mental energies. A hypnotic treatment may or may not be required to assure good results of catharsis and sublimation.

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As hypnosis is a state of high suggestibility, in which the autonomic nervous system inhibits or stimulates various mental and bodily activities or even capabilities; and as it depends largely on the practician what changes to produce in his subject and how to direct them- oneirosis is not so much a new form of hypnosis as the road toward modifying the hypnotic state so as to enable the scientist to do his psychological, educational, or medical work, as the case may be, with the maximum efficiency and success. The research along these lines has only begun. Much, so unbelievably much, remains to be done.

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It is obvious, of course, that unintelligent cooperation is of lesser value than cooperation based on a conscious and rational will. And deep hypnosis generally tends to make actions mechanical and irrational, and hence ineffectual in changed conditions. Furthermore, the subjects commonly resent any attempt on the part of the hypnotist to influence them in a way that does not meet their full approval. Consequently, the subject resents the suggestion and develops resistance and negativism.

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Hypnosis Scoops Bulletin

There are cases of another type, in which the hypnotist cannot be justly accused of levity or insufficient caution. "Every medical man who has had any considerable experience in the domain of hypnosis has probably come across laymen who endeavor to ascribe to hypnosis anything they find very peculiar, or for some reason or other unpleasant, or that they cannot quite understand. At times it is a case of seduction or a mysterious love affair, at others the provisions of a will or the exploitation of some business, that puzzles them." Needless to say, accusations of this sort are, as a rule, wholly imaginary, and hint of mental disease, such as schizophrenia or hysteria. A competent psychiatrist should be immediately consulted.

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What can be done, then, to attain a greater degree of reliability in treating objectionable habits? It is possible, of course, to renew the suggestion every once in a while, by hypnotizing the subject at regular intervals; yet it is often inconvenient to the subject as well as to the practician to repeat sittings beyond three or four times. Besides, as pointed out by O. H. Mowrer, there is some danger that the efficacy of post-hypnotic suggestion will be reduced by repeated sittings.

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Hypnosis Daily Scoops Blog

This is doubtless true whenever the subject is asked to do something unusual or absurd. For were he to remember instructions distinctly, not only would his common sense resent the suggestion as clearly strange or foolish, but even the prestige of the practician might be damaged by doubts and resistance. Suppose the subject is instructed, on hearing the word "sunset," to stand on a chair and to sing some popular song in a loud voice. As the order is being executed, he may regard it as a joke, but still he will not deny that his conduct, at the moment, was somewhat ridiculous. And he will perhaps wonder what might be the connection between scientific research and such meaningless experiments.There is no need, however, to be engaged in trifling experiments. Hypnosis is, after all, a natural phenomenon rather than entertainment. There certainly are many serious and fruitful fields for post-hypnotic suggestion.

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Some hypnotists (Liébeault, Charcot, Bernheim, Forel and, especially, Bechterew) advocated to break the period of strained attention with a sudden change in experience, by sending a strong beam of light into the subject's eyes, by sounding a gong, or by a sharp command, "Sleep" The advantages of this method have not been clearly determined. It seems to precipitate the state at an earlier stage than with the usual procedure, but it entails risk of failure, if the moment is wrongly chosen. This technique is recommended, however, in cases when the subject appears to vacillate on the verge of the trance and closes his eyes only to open them again and again. The point is to watch the subject closely and to push him, as it were, into the state. The method requires considerable experience, and beginners should be discouraged from resorting to it. Even specialists should use it with discrimination.

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Hypnosis Daily Blog

The role of prestige-and-faith relationship is so great in hypnosis that no practician can afford to disregard the "atmosphere" in which he works and conducts his experiments or treatments. Every detail matters, and the subjects are much more sensitive to them than is generally believed. The place where the hypnotist receives his subjects must be carefully selected. Freud related in one of his books that Bernheim, one of the most remarkable scientific hypnotists of all times, "frankly admitted to me that his great therapeutic successes by means of suggestion were only achieved in his hospital practice and not with his private patients." The reason for this fact is now obvious: the results of treatment depend on the subject's frame of mind.

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There is a phenomenon, for example, known to science Hypnotism and Psychotherapy, Hypnosis and Suggestibility, since the days of "animal magnetism," which reminds us more of hysteria than of ordinary sleep. This is the state of utter rigidity, usually designated as "catalepsy," which comes spontaneously or can be induced by suggestion in the deeper forms of hypnosis. The power of what amounts to "paralyzing by suggestion" was most effectively used and abused in popular demonstrations of hypnosis; the more so, as muscular rigidity can often be induced with remarkable ease. Such power of the hypnotist over muscles of his subject was well and concisely described by Moll:"Muscular activity can nearly always be influenced in a high degree by suggestion. By means of it we can make movements impossible, or else induce movements. I can make the subject's arm powerless to move simply by arousing in her (him) the conviction that her (his) arm is powerless. In just the same way the movements of the legs, trunk, larynx, etc., escape the subject's notice. 'You cannot raise your arm; cannot put out your tongue'. This suffices to make the forbidden movement impossible. In some cases the inability to move arises because the person cannot voluntarily contract his muscles, and his arm consequently hangs limp; while in other cases a contracture of the antagonistic muscles makes every attempt at a voluntary movement useless. In the same manner the leg will lose the power of motion at command. The power of speech can be taken away. And it is even possible to allow the muscles to contract for one particular purpose only. If we say to a hypnotic subject, 'you can only say your own name; for the rest you are absolutely dumb', the desired effect hypnotism, will be produced. In the same way it is possible to prevent movements of the arm for any particular purpose. Thus we can make it impossible for a person to write, though he will be able to do any other kind of work. The subject can sew, play the piano, etc., but all efforts to write are vain."

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Hypnotism Scoops Blog

It is significant that, in many instances of amnesia, when the patient is, as it seems, completely unable to recall his experiences since, or prior to, the onset of the symptom, hypnosis often helps to revive his memory. The dependence of recall on suggestion, and through it on the autonomic nervous system, is thereby confirmed. In order to appreciate fully the importance of these phenomena, however, we must get acquainted with the disease called hysteria. The symptoms of this malady resemble in many respects the subject's behavior in a hypnotic trance. The parallelism is so remarkably close that it is reasonable to. suspect that the bodily mechanism underlying hysteria and hypnosis is essentially the same.

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People can be made to see things which are not present or not to see objects in front of them. The experience produced in this manner may not be identical in kind with that of the ordinary waking state, but its realism is surely comparable to the realism of dreams. Thus, the sun will shine at night for the subject, and stars will be visible while the eyes are closed. The hallucinations resulting from hypnotic suggestion are even more convincing when the subject moves about. Then he behaves as if he actually saw things which are not there or as if he did not see objects before him, depending on the suggestion. In one experiment, for instance, a man was made "to walk into the wall from which he sustained a nose bleed when told to walk through an imaginary door in the wall."

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Hypnosis Daily Helpful Hints

Surgery under hypnosis, doubtless, would have been practised more widely with time, had not the use of chemical anaesthesia spread during the subsequent years. It must be acknowledged that ether, chloroform and nitrous oxide have a considerable advantage over hypnosis. Unless the physician is a master of suggestion to start with, deep hypnosis is an exceedingly difficult tool: it may require years of training and experience, and even then one cannot be sure that every case will be one hundred percent successful. Ordinary anaesthetics, on the other hand, can be employed with great facility and certainty. Such was the situation which, unfortunately, made hypnosis impracticable, in its first bid for scientific recognition.

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Considerable experimental evidence indicates that, if anything, there is a slight positive relationship between suggestibility and intelligence." J. Milne Bramwell, too, says that he "found the stupid and unimaginative more difficult to influence than those possessing fair intelligence."It seems that direct suggestion requires an ability on the part of the subject to grasp the meaning of the hypnotist's instructions, and anything preventing such response makes practice so much more difficult. Insane people, as a rule, do not yield to suggestion as easily as do normal people, either because they shut themselves within their inner world, or because their minds are dim and incoherent, or else because their mental processes are too fast or too shifty to follow the steady process of verbal suggestion. Feeble-minded individuals, adults and children, are also exceedingly resistant to hypnosis.

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Hypnosis Hypnotherapy Daily News

Dr. Cocke describes one or two experiments of his own which have an important bearing on the question of criminal suggestion. Says he: "A girl who was hypnotized deeply was given a glass of water and was told that it was a lighted lamp. A broomstick was placed across the room and she was told that it was a man who intended to injure her. I suggested to her that she throw the glass of water (she supposing it was a lighted lamp) at the broomstick, her enemy, and she immediately threw it with much violence. Then a man was placed across the room, and she was given instead of a glass of water a lighted lamp. I told her that the lamp was a glass of water, and that the man across the room was her brother. It was suggested to her that his clothing was on fire and she was commanded to extinguish the fire by throwing the lighted lamp at the individual, she having been told, as was previously mentioned, that it was a glass of water.

Dr. Cocke also declares his belief that no person can be hypnotized against his will by a person who is repugnant to him.

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"Suggest to a subject while he is sound asleep that in eight weeks he will mail you a letter with a blank piece of note paper inside, and during the intervening period you may yourself forget the occurrence, but in exactly eight weeks he will carry out the suggestion. Hypnotic suggestions of this nature are always carried out, especially when the suggestion is to take effect on some certain day or date named. Suggest to a subject that in ninety days from a given date he will come to your house with his coat on inside out, and he will most certainly do so."

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Hypnosis Helpful Hints

As the birth of her second child approached Mrs. Piper gave up what she considered a form of hysteria; but after the birth of the child the sittings, paid for at a dollar each, began again. Dr. Hodgson, of theLondon Society for Psychical Research, saw her at the house of Professor James, and he became so interested in her case that he decided to take her to London to be studied. She spent nearly a year abroad; and after her return the American branch of the Society for Psychical Research was formed, and for a long time Mrs. Piper received a salary to sit exclusively for the society. Their records and reports are full of the things she said and did.

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In short, Dr. Hart's theory is that hypnotism comes from controlling the blood supply of the brain, cutting off the supply from parts or increasing it in other parts. This theory is borne out by the well-known fact that some persons can blush or turn pale at will; that some people always blush on the mention of certain things, or calling up certain ideas. Certain other ideas will make them turn pale. Now, if certain parts of the brain are made to blush or turn pale, there is no doubt that hypnotism will follow, since blushing and turning pale are known to be due to the opening and closing of the blood-vessels. We may say that the subject is induced by some means to shut the blood out of certain portions of the brain, and keep it out until he is told to let it in again.

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Bad Habits.--The habit of the excessive use of alcoholic drinks, morphine, tobacco, or the like, may often be decidedly helped by hypnotism, if the patient wants to be helped. The method of operation is simple. The operator hypnotizes the subject, and when he is in deep sleep suggests that on awaking he will feel a deep disgust for the article he is in the habit of taking, and if he takes it will be affected by nausea, or other unpleasant symptoms. In most cases the suggested result takes place, provided the subject can be hypnotized at all; but unless the patient is himself anxious to break the habit fixed upon him, the unpleasant effects soon wear off and he is as bad as ever.

Dr. Cocke treated a large number of cases, which he reports in detail in his book on hypnotism. In a fair proportion of the cases he was successful; in some cases completely so. In other cases he failed entirely, owing to lack of moral stamina in the patient himself. His conclusions seem to be that hypnotism may be made a very effective aid to moral suasion, but after all, character is the chief force which throws off such habits once they are fixed. The morphine habit is usually the result of a doctor's prescription at some time, and it is practiced more or less involuntarily. Such cases are often materially helped by the proper suggestions.

Hypnotism During Surgical Operations News

About the year 1860 some of the medical profession hoped that hypnotism might come into general use for producing insensibility during surgical operations. Dr. Guerineau in Paris reported the following successful operation: The thigh of a patient was amputated. "After the operation,"says the doctor, "I spoke to the patient and asked him how he felt. He replied that he felt as if he were in heaven, and he seized hold of my hand and kissed it. Turning to a medical student, he added: 'I was aware of all that was being done to me, and the proof is that I knew my thigh was cut off at the moment when you asked me if I felt any pain.'"

The writer who records this case continues: "This, however, was but a transitory stage. It was soon recognized that a considerable time and a good deal of preparation were necessary to induce the patients to sleep,and medical men had recourse to a more rapid and certain method; that is, chloroform. Thus the year 1860 saw the rise and fall of Braidism as a means of surgical anaesthesia."

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Hypnotism for Amusement News Blog

Hypnotism for amusement, either on the public stage or in the home, is highly obnoxious, even if it is not highly dangerous. If the hypnotizer is an honest man, and a man of character, little injury may follow. But we can never know that, and the risk of getting into bad hands should prevent every one from submitting to influence at all.

The fact is, however, that we should strongly doubt the good character of any one who hypnotizes for amusement, regarding him in the same light as we would one who intoxicated people on the stage for amusement, or gave them chloroform, or went about with a troup of insane people that he might exhibit their idiosyncrasies. Honest, right-minded people do not do those things.

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One of the most interesting phases of hypnotism is that of post-hypnotic suggestion, to which reference has already been made. It is true that a suggestion made during the hypnotic condition as to what a person will do after coming out of the hypnotic sleep may be carried out.

A certain professional hypnotizer claims that once he has hypnotized a person he can keep that person forever after under his influence by means of post-hypnotic suggestion. He says to him while in the hypnotic sleep: "Whenever I look at you, or point at you, you will fall asleep. No one can hypnotize you but me. Whenever I try to hypnotize you, you will fall asleep."

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While in a condition of auto-hypnotization a person may imagine that he is some other personality. Says Dr. Cocke: "A curious thing about those self-hypnotized subjects is that they carry out perfectly their own ideals of the personality with whom they believe themselves to be possessed. If their own ideals of the part they are playing are imperfect, their impersonations are ridiculous in the extreme. One man I remember believed himself to be controlled by the spirit of Charles Sumner. Being uneducated, he used the most wretched English, and his language was utterly devoid of sense. While, on the other hand, a very intelligent lady who believed herself to be controlled by the spirit of Charlotte Cushman personated the part very well."

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Dr. Warthin tried the same experiment again, this time on a young man who was not so emotional, and was hypnotized with much more difficulty.

This subject did not pass into such a deep state of hypnotism, but the result was practically the same. The pulse rate rose from 70 to 120. The sensation remembered was that of riding furiously through the air.

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Another patient, while under this hypnotic influence, could remember all he had eaten for several days past, but when awake could remember very little. Binet and Fere caused one of their subjects to remember the whole of his repasts for eight days past, though when awake he could remember nothing beyond two or three days.

A patient of Dr. Charcot, who when she was two years old had seen Dr. Parrot in the children's hospital, but had not seen him since, and when awake could not remember him, named him at once when he entered during her hypnotic sleep.

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A hypnotized young man was told to think of himself as managing a side-show at a circus. When his mind had absorbed this idea he was ordered to open his exhibition. He at once mounted a table, and, in the voice of the traditional side-show fakir,began to dilate upon the fat woman and the snakes, upon the wild man from Borneo, upon the learned pig, and all the other accessories of side-shows. He went over the usual characteristic "patter," getting more and more in earnest, assuring his hearers that for the small sum of ten cents they could see more wonders than ever before had been crowded under one canvas tent.

The hypnotized subject harangued the crowd as they surged about the tent door. He pointed to a suppositious canvas picture. He "chaffed" the boys. He flattered the vanity of the young fellows with their girls,telling them that they could not afford, for the small sum of ten cents,to miss this great show. He made change for his patrons. He indulged inside remarks, such as "This is hot work." He rolled up his sleeves and took off his collar and necktie, all of the time expatiating upon the merits of the freaks inside of his tent.

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The class was now apparently wide awake form being hypnotized, and did not differ in appearance from their ordinary state. The doctor then took each one and subjected him to a separate physical test, such as sealing the eyes,fastening the hands, stiffening the fingers, arms, and legs, producing partial catalepsy and causing stuttering and inability to speak.

In the hypnnotic state those possessing strong imaginations, he was able to produce hallucinations, such as feeling mosquito bites, suffering from toothache , finding the pockets filled and the hands covered with molasses, changing identity, and many similar tests.

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Method of Hypnotism Updates

"I do not, however, use this method of hypnotism with all patients. It is an error to state, as some specialists do, that from their formula there can be no deviation; because, as no two minds are constituted alike, so they cannot be affected alike. While one will yield by intense will exerted through my eyes, another may, by the same means, become fretful, timid,nervous, and more wakeful than he was before. The same rule applies to gesture, tones of the voice, and mesmeric passes. That which has a soothing and lulling effect on one, may have an opposite effect on another."

"There can be no unvarying rule applicable to all patients. The means must be left to the judgment of the operator, who by a long course of psychological training should be able to judge what measures are necessary to obtain control of his subject. Just as in drugs, one person may take a dose without injury that will kill another, so in hypnosis,one person can be put into a deep sleep by means that would be totally ineffectual in another, and even then the mental states differ in each individual--that which in one induces a gentle slumber may plunge his neighbor into a deep cataleptic state."

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Hypnotism is also produced by sudden noise, as if by a Chinese gong,etc.

If hypnotism was produced by passes, then wakening may be brought about by passes in the opposite direction, or with the back of the hand toward the subject.

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Higher Stage of hypnotism

The next higher stage of hypnotism is that of catalepsy. Patients may be thrown into it directly, or patients in the lethargic state may be brought into it by lifting the eyelids. It seems that the light penetrating the eyes, and affecting the brain, awakens new powers, for the cataleptic state has phenomena quite peculiar to itself.

Nearly all the means for producing hypnotism will, if carried to just the right degree, produce catalepsy.

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hypnotization

It is better that the person who induces hypnotic sleep should awaken the subject. Others cannot do it so easily, though as we have said,subjects usually awaken themselves after a short time.

Further description of the method of producing hypnotism need not be given; but it is proper to add that in addition to the fact that not more than one person out of three can be hypnotized at all, even by an experienced operator, to effect hypnotization except in a few cases requires a great deal of patience, both on the part of the operator and of the subject.

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One even often hears it said in society (for I am sorry to say that these mischievous practices and pranks are sometimes made a society game) that such a person is a clever hypnotist or has great mesmeric or healing power.

I hope to be able to prove, what I firmly hold, both from my own personal experience and experiment, as I have already related in the Nineteenth Century, that there is no such thing as a potent hypnotic influence, no such power resident in any one person more than another; that a glass of water, a tree, a stick, a penny-post letter, or a lime-light can hypnotize as effectually as can any individual.

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It is a common delusion that the mesmerist or hypnotizer counts foranything in the experiment.

The operator, whether priest, physician,charlatan, self-deluded enthusiast, or conscious imposter, is not the source of any occult influence, does not possess any mysterious power,and plays only a very secondary and insignificant part in the chain of phenomena observed. There exist at the present time many individuals who claim for themselves, and some who make a living by so doing, a peculiar property or power as potent mesmerizers, hypnotizers, magnetizers, or electro-biologists.

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It was thought that hypnotism had a right to be considered as a therapeutic agent, and that it might be used by physicians, though others should not be allowed to practice it. In 1837 another commission made a decidedly unfavorable report.

Soon after this Burdin, a member of the Academy, offered a prize of 3,000 francs to any one who would read the number of a bank-note or the like with his eyes bandaged (under certain fixed conditions), but it was never awarded, though many claimed it, and there has been considerable evidence that persons in the hypnotic state have (sometimes) remarkable clairvoyant powers.

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"In the middle of a large room stood an oak tub, four or five feet in diameter and one foot deep. It was closed by a lid made in two pieces,and encased in another tub or bucket. At the bottom of the tub a number of bottles were laid in convergent rows, so that the neck of each bottle turned towards the centre. Other bottles filled with hypnotized water tightly corked up were laid in divergent rows with their necks turned outwards.

Several rows were thus piled up, and the apparatus was then pronounced to be at 'high pressure'. The tub was filled with water, to which were sometimes added powdered glass and iron filings. There were also some dry tubs, that is, prepared in the same manner, but without any additional water.

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French operators maintain that hypnotism...

Certain French operators maintain that hypnotism may be produced by pressure on certain hypnogenic points or regions of the body. Among these are the eye-balls, the crown of the head, the back of the neck andthe upper bones of the spine between the shoulder glades. Some persons may be hypnotized by gently pressing on the skin at the base of the finger-nails, and at the root of the nose; also by gently scratching the neck over the great nerve center.

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1837 report on hypnotism

Soon after the poor report of 1837, hypnotism fell into very low repute throughout France and Germany, and scientific men became loath to have their names connected with the study of hypnosis in any way. The hypnotism study had not yet beenseriously taken up in England, and two physicians who gave some attention to it suffered decidedly in professional reputation.